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Foundations

How Python represents names, objects, and text.

  1. 1

    How Python thinks

    Names, objects, and the runtime that binds them.

  2. 2

    Types and operators

    Numbers, booleans, and the way Python computes.

  3. 3

    Strings and text

    Unicode, formatting, and the immutability of str.

Control flow

Branching, iteration, and exceptions as design tools.

  1. 4

    Branching and truth

    if, else, match, and the truthiness rules underneath.

  2. 5

    Loops and iteration

    for, while, range, zip, and the iterator protocol.

  3. 6

    Exceptions

    Errors as values you can catch, raise, and design around.

Data structures

Sequences, mappings, sets, and the idioms that use them.

  1. 7

    Sequences

    Lists, tuples, slicing, and in-place versus copy.

  2. 8

    Mappings and sets

    Dicts, hashing, set algebra, and insertion order.

  3. 9

    Comprehensions

    List, set, dict, and generator expressions as a dialect.

Functions

Scope, closures, decorators, and lazy generators.

  1. 10

    Functions and scope

    Parameters, return, LEGB, and the default-argument trap.

  2. 11

    Closures and decorators

    Functions that remember, wrap, and rewrite other functions.

  3. 12

    Generators

    yield, lazy pipelines, and itertools.

Objects

Classes, protocols, modules, and context managers.

  1. 13

    Classes and instances

    Attributes, self, class vs instance data, and methods.

  2. 14

    Protocols and dunders

    The Python data model: containers, callables, and dataclasses.

  3. 15

    Modules and context managers

    import, packages, with, and cleanup you can trust.

Advanced

Types, concurrency, and the CPython object model.

  1. 16

    The type system

    Annotations, gradual typing, and what Python does not check.

  2. 17

    Async and concurrency

    The GIL, threads, processes, and asyncio's event loop.

  3. 18

    Internals

    Descriptors, the MRO, and how attribute lookup actually works.